Employee Compensation and Benefits Essay

Dark Corporation, an inventive new innovation partnership, has quite recently employed John as the chief of their Human Resources Department. As HR Director, John has been entrusted with recruiting an Administrative Assistant/Secretary for the publicizing division and to build up a worker remuneration and advantages bundle that will be utilized for that position upon enlist. He should expand on Black Corporation and the sort of association for which he is planning the bundle and build up a worker remuneration and advantages bundle for this new position. He should have the option to help his thoughts the pay/benefits bundle. This is the first occasion when that John has had the assignment of employing for Black Corporation and he will require quality assets to help him to guarantee that he can make the procedure as smooth and compelling as could be expected under the circumstances. What kind of Organization is Black Corporation? In the first place, John has as of late been employed by Black Corporation as the chief of their HR division. John has may long stretches of HR experience and is likewise an ensured Senior Professional in Human assets. BC is a pristine expansion to the innovation business, which has quite recently presented an imaginative specialized gadget called the Talk Tablet. This gadget is a cell phone that is additionally a tablet that can be utilized for Internet get to and application buys. The head of Advertising, Mary, is propelling a multi million dollar advertisement battle and needs an Administrative Assistant/Secretary to help her. Albeit BC has been open for not exactly a year they have set up their stake in the business with their capacity to improve current items and out sell huge numbers of its rivals. They are likewise known for worker fulfillment. BC considers its representatives their most noteworthy resource and offers phenomenal advantages and remuneration. They are a serious business; in this manner their representatives are totally experienced experts in their specialized topic. The Administrative Assistant/Secretary Compensation Package Next, John needs to build up the pay/benefits bundle for his recently recruited employee Elizabeth. Agreeing to BLS.gov the middle compensation in 2012 (the most refreshed detailing) for an AA/Secretary is $35,330 or $16.99 every hour. (â€Å"Secretaries and Administrative Assistants,† 2014) BC values recruiting and holding the best of the best in the entirety of the regions they utilize. They will pay Elizabeth a base pay of $61,000, because of her involvement with this industry and position, and her presentation will be assessed in 90 days for a remuneration increment. The base pay for a passage level AA/Secretary will be $51,000. This is $975 more than one of their rivals Apple Inc., as indicated by Glassdoor.com (â€Å"Apple AA hourly pay,† 2014) Additionally John will settle on the advantages bundle. Susan Hatchfield, the board and association improvement advisor, who has practical experience in HR, clar ifies that â€Å"health protection is the establishment of an exhaustive representative advantages bundle. Medical coverage is the favored worker advantage of most of individuals who work. [†¦] No thorough worker benefits bundle would be finished without boss took care of time from work. [†¦] Short-term incapacity protection guarantees that a representative will at present get a level of pay on the off chance that they can't work because of infection or a crippling physical issue. [†¦] Long-term care is a protection strategy that shields a worker from loss of pay if the individual in question can't work because of disease, injury, or mishap for an extensive stretch of time. [†¦] Various dental protection plans are accessible for managers to offer as a feature of an extensive worker benefits bundle. [†¦] Vision protection is a lower cost expansion to a thorough representative advantages bundle that is given by bosses. [†¦] Life protection is an acknowledged part in a complete representative advantages bundle. [†¦]† (Heathfield, 2014, para. 6) All of these advantages will be the reason for the bundle for the Administrative Assista nt/Secretary. Wellbeing, dental and vision protections will be seriously valued with BC covering most of the premiums. The present moment and long haul protection and a fundamental life coverage strategy will be given to the workers at no extra expense. BC will likewise give a 401(k) venture alternative to permit representatives to put resources into their retirement with a 7% match to all speculations. They will likewise permit a representative investment opportunity with the improved profits of the partnership. She will be given taken care of time on a layered scale, a month in the first place just as a multi day increment at regular intervals with a limit of about a month and a half. Every significant occasions willâ also be paid with extra days off for some chosen occasions. The bundle will incorporate 12 pressure/days off every year. Elizabeth has been an AA/Secretary for the Advertising chief with Google for a long time and is eager to make the progress to Black Corporation. Google is the f antasy gig for some, youthful expert as indicated by a study directed by CBS News. Amy Levin-Epstein, of CBS News’s Money Watch reports that Google offers â€Å"a standard bundle of incidental advantages, yet on that are five star feasting offices, exercise centers, pantries, rub rooms, hair styles, carwashes, cleaning, driving transports †pretty much anything a persevering representative may want.† (LEVIN-EPSTEIN, 2011, para. 2) They much offer free lager. In view of this, John needs to build up a bundle that can offer a portion of the extraordinary incidental advantages that Elizabeth is utilized to. Albeit BC is a genuinely new organization they have put resources into a best in class office, and they have done their exploration. They consolidated the entirety of the conveniences that Google offers just as on location preparing offices and the choice to go to class nearby to win confirmations and degrees. Taking everything into account, John has finished his assignment. He has recruited Elizabeth as the Administrative Assistant/Secretary for Mary and he has built up a remuneration bundle for the AA/Secretaries of Black Corporation. Elizabeth will begin after she presents her fourteen days notice. References Apple Administrative Assistant Hourly Pay. (2014). Recovered from http://www.glassdoor.com/Hourly-Pay/Apple-Administrative-Assistant-Hourly-Pay-E1138_D_KO6,30.htm Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Division of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition, Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, †¨on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-authoritative help/secretaries-and-managerial assistants.htm (visited June 16, 2014). Heathfield, S. (2014). What’s In a Comprehensive Employee Benefits Package? Recovered from http://humanresources.about.com/od/pay structure/tp/worker benefits-package.htm LEVIN-EPSTEIN, A. (2011). Google Job Perks: Top 10 Reasons We Want to Work There. Recovered from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/google-work advantages top-10-reasons-we-need to-work-there/

Concealment in the Twelfth Night

English Literature: Concealment in Twelfth Night Throughout Twelfth Night, covering impacts each character’s life in light of the fact that it’s basic to depict how deception can be interesting or anguishing before they can find their personality throughout everyday life. Consequently, the idea of camouflage not just influences the characters’ mixed up personalities and capacities to communicate genuine romance, yet it gives the story comedic and engaging qualities.Furthermore, covering depicted all through this story makes each character build up a personality with either indicating intelligence or frenzy, while it likewise makes each character understand the standards towards acquiring affection and truth. For example, Viola's mask as Cesario and Feste’s ensemble as Sir Topas shows that they are both sharp and interesting which makes characters experience double dealing and disarray until their personalities are revealed.With this as a main priority, cam ouflage beguiles characters from the real world, yet it uncovered the plenitude of genuine romance among Viola, Orsino, Olivia, Sebastian, Maria and Sir Toby, which prompts three relationships inside the story. In any case, covering makes the individuals experience misleadings and dreams, yet additionally gives humor concerning the profound quality of human conduct. In addition, the main case of covering during the Twelfth Night is Viola's mask as Cesario.Viola’s disguise is vital to the plot since it is obviously clear that the vacillation in demeanor to the double job and the circumstances and tribulations forced upon the character Viola/Cesario, winds up making a superior comprehension of both genders and subsequently, permits Viola to have a superior comprehension of Orsino. For example, toward the finish of the story when Orsino at long last acknowledges who Cesario is, he declares his affection to Viola by saying: â€Å"When that is known, and brilliant time cloisters, A grave mix will be made Of our dear souls.Meantime, sweet sister, We won't part from subsequently. Cesario, want so you will be, while you are a man; But when in different propensities you are seen, Orsino’s escort and his fancy’s queen† (5. 1. 352-358). Thusly, Viola discovers that in the job of Cesario, she must be sharp witted and protect the examining questions and articulations with respect to her affection and others love for her. Likewise, she obtained the expertise to stick around for her chance, until all was good and well, on the off chance that she uncover her actual self or intentions.The mask additionally keeps Viola from communicating her adoration for Orsino, it adds to the sensational incongruities by causing complexities of mixed up character. Additionally, Viola can't give her affection for Orsino, the main way she can communicate them is in her discourses to the peruser, this adds to the emotional incongruities. For instance, when Viola passe s on to Orsino what Olivia advised her concerning love by saying: â€Å"A clear, my ruler. She never revealed to her adoration, But let covering, similar to a worm I' the bud, Feed on her damask cheek. She pined in thought, And with a green and yellow melancholyShe sat like tolerance on a landmark, Smiling at pain. Was not this affection to be sure? We men may state more, swear more, yet in reality Our shows are more than will, for still we demonstrate Much in our promises, however little in our love† (2. 4. 108-115). There are numerous instances of camouflage concerning Viola alone, which empowers her to work for Orsino as a courier: it causes Olivia to begin to look all starry eyed at her and it makes them two mask their sentiments from one another until Orsino becomes mindful that Cesario is Viola. Covering likewise causes mixed up identity.For model, Sir Andrew goes searching for Cesario, strikes him, discovers later it is, Sebastian. Sebastian hits him consequently, howe ver sevenfold, and Sebastian having been in Illyria just a couple of days is proposed to by an excellent woman and is hit by a man he had never observed, † Why, there’s for thee, and there, and there! Are altogether the individuals frantic? â€Å"(4. 1. 16-17). This is an amusing arrangement of occasions began by the camouflage of one single lady. It is obvious hence, that the masks of Viola/Cesario for instance are significant and integral to the plot.Also, it depicts how a few characters are bamboozled about their actual nature. A case of this is when Orsino sees himself turning out to be Olivia’s sweet excellencies, satisfying her sexual want, thought and feeling. He innocently accepts that he is infatuated with Olivia when he has never truly spoken with her. Another model is Olivia embracing the affectation of grieving and the strict Malvolio is fooled into the job of Olivia's admirer and turns into a grinning subject. Thus, oncealment adds to the majority o f the parody on the grounds that there is the event when Feste takes on the appearance of Sir Topas and Sir Toby finishes the joke out of personal responsibility than any worry for Malvolio.Feste utilizes a dark parson's outfit, which is, incidentally, the shading ordinarily connected with Malvolio, who conversely is wearing splendid hues. This inversion gives a noticeable image of exactly how altogether his pride has been embarrassed. Feste says, â€Å"There is no haziness yet ignorance† and Malvolio's obliviousness has been savagely uncovered, despite the fact that he was uninformed to feel that Olivia adored him in any case (4. . 33). It is the verbal and character parody of Sir Topas, demonstrating how cleverness originates from the fast exchanging of jobs and, if rather precariously, from the double dealing of Malvolio. There are likewise increasingly inconspicuous instances of covering in the Twelfth Night, the nature of characters just as their personalities are masked . In the letter to Malvolio, Sir Toby Belch camouflages his genuine thought processes behind his demonstration of kinship for Sir Andrew. Illyria could likewise be a hidden England, relatively few individuals had gone in Shakespeare's day thus maybe he made up Illyria to be a dream England.This spot could be the place all generalizations of English individuals get up to an assortment of things, making recognizable generalizations in a marginally unique setting. Maybe likewise, Shakespeare wishes to show his crowd how prepared people are to mask themselves: Orsino and Olivia are both camouflaging their sentiments, Malvolio's vanity and deceptions about himself and his paramour help in his mortification. The incongruity is that Orsino and Olivia are directed to confront reality by the characters Viola and Sebastian, who are at the focal point of the disarray over identity.Disguised characters were a stock show of parody, yet Shakespeare utilizes the gadget to give it more extensive im portance. The play causes us to consider what our convictions are about ourselves as well as other people dependent on. Along these, taking everything into account, it tends to be perceived how significant and critical the topic of camouflage is. Numerous types of camouflage included in the play depict howâ emotions and expectations are masked behind an external appearance, affectation or a mentality in which the characters have inside every situation.Concealment interfaces the story, the characters and the various scenes in the play. Be that as it may, if there wasn’t disguise in the Twelfth Night, there wouldn’t be any diversion mirroring the contentions or issues, which impacts the characters’ lives with understanding reality with regards to cherish and what causes figment/deception.Bibliography Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch et al. fourth ed. New York: Longman, 2009. Vol. 1B. pp. 1217-127 2.

Seven Years of Good Luck

Seven Years of Good Luck This weekend MIT Japan paid for all the MIT interns in Japan to meet up in Kyoto for a whirlwind tour of the temples, food, and more temples in the Kansai area. Since a good percentage of the interns are working somewhere in Tokyo, it was a great opportunity to get out of the city and explore a place so deeply rooted in Japans history. (It was also a great opportunity to sightsee on MITs money, but when is it NOT a great opportunity to sightsee on MITs money? Mmm, $40 sashimi dinners.) As this whole trip has been an experience in pushing our cultural boundaries, our first challenge was to visit an onsen together, which is basically just a giant public bath. Essentially the idea is, welcome to Kyoto; in order to get the free tour and food youll all have to hang out naked together for a little while. But dont worry! You get to squat under one of those spigot things, then all get in a giant tub together. The water is scaldingly hot and then you have to dump ice cold water on yourself. Needless to say, we all enjoyed the experience immensely, and then went to get dressed in opposite corners of the room. We then piled onto a giant bus with a similar-sized group of Japanese students, most of whom were studying English and were comp sci students of Mike Barker, a previous MIT employee and our guide for the weekend. A microphone was passed around, and we were forced to introduce ourselves in our non-native language, which produced such gems as I want to enjoy this tour! and Yorushoku (intended to be Yoroshiku; Please take care of me; but instead Yorushoku; dinner). Luckily we reached our first temple before it got to the back of the bus and I got to keep my dignity. Our first stop was Kinkakuji, the Golden Temple. As the first Zen Buddhist temple out of several we had to visit that day, we pretty much zoomed through the grounds, while practicing our lackluster Japanese next to the lustrous temple. We did, however, stop to make a few wishes: /center (It happened for reals, guys. I promise.) Our second temple of the day was Daitokuji, which featured several rock gardens with giant rocks that were supposed to represent waterfalls and manatees. (You have to kind of tilt your head at something like a 270 degree angle, but eventually youll see it.) Then we hit up our first Shinto shrine, Heian jingu, as Buddhism and Shintoism are the prominent religions featured side-by-side in Japanese culture. The shrine at Heian jingu was almost entirely garishly red, set beside a lush green garden filled with lotus flowers and weeping willows sort of an Amelie color scheme meets Memoirs of a Geisha. /center My favorite temple of that day, however, was definitely Kiyomizudera. Id been to it four years ago, but coming back felt surprisingly different after having lived in Tokyo for a month, where there is little greenery and everything feels somewhat cramped. The temple is built out in the open air, next to a tree-covered mountain maybe tree-inundated mountain is a better phrase thats so majestic its hard not to let your breath get taken away. (Or maybe thats just because you have to hike up a hill to get there.) Even still, I loved it, especially because that hill was lined with little shops giving away free samples of yatsuhashi, or triangle-shaped mochi with different flavorings and fillings. (The original flavoring, Im told, was just a cinammon filling, but now I think theyre channeling Bertie Botts Every Flavor Beans because they have all sorts of different combinations such as red bean, green tea, peach, blueberry, mango, strawberry chocolate, Ramune, mud, boogers, chicken feet.. maybe not chicken feet; were in Japan, not China..) After our long day of hiking and sightseeing, we headed back to our bus, where we learned Japanese childrens songs as we drove an hour to Nara. (Fun fact: the Japanese onomatopoeia for rain is pichi pichi, chappu chappu, ran ran ran. Another fun fact: they do not like it so much if you yell this while banging on the table at Japanese restaurants.) We ended the evening by going out to karaoke and singing a lot of Japanese songs, which mostly consisted of the Japanese kids singing and the rest of us jumping up and down on the couches banging on tambourines like crazy people. (The Japanese also do not like this so much.) The next morning, we hit up Todaiji: Id also been to Todaiji four years ago, but coming back was especially exciting because of the tame deer. The deer will let you pet and photograph them (but to preempt further questions, particularly by my friend Steph, I imagine riding would be difficult and possibly fatal). Several of the vendors outside of the temple sell packets of deer biscuits, so a good number of people bought some (and were subsequently mauled by herds of hungry deer). Todaijis family-friendy vibe continues with the Buddhas Nostril, a hole cut into a wooden column purportedly the size of the giant Buddha statues nose hole. If youre able to crawl through the nostril, youll supposedly have good luck for seven years. Eager to soak in all the good fortune we could get, our huge line of shouting foreigners (most of whom were a good deal larger than the average Japanese person) attracted a little bit of a crowd, but we were for the most part succesful: (I kind of think we wore the wood down to the point that the hole became a good deal larger than the actual Buddhas nostril, but people with broad shoulders deserve seven years of good luck too, right?) We left Todaiji and headed for our last lunch together, at an okonomiyaki restaurant. Okonomiyaki, also known as Japanese pancakes, literally means whatever you want, grilled, and comes with any variety of toppings from squid to soba, from mochi to kimchi. Its really freaking delicious. It was also probably the first filling meal Id had in Japan, since everything here is SO tiny, but it feels like okonomiyaki gets into your stomach and and expands like a Chia pet. A tasty Chia pet. Exhausted and weighed down by the extra ten pounds in our stomachs, we dragged our dusty selves back to the train to Kyoto, where we relaxed for a short while before our shinkansen (bullet train) back to Tokyo. Kyoto Station, by the way, is one of the largest buildings in Japan, and from the top you can see Kyoto Tower in its full glory, surrounded by the bustling city, shrouded by the same tree-covered mountains next to Kiyomizudera. As we looked over the city someone commented that they hadnt even noticed the city was surrounded by mountains, a marked difference from the modern capital of Japan. We stolled lazily back to the shinkansen platform, but not before stopping on a landing to take in the beauty of Kyoto Station at sunset. With full bellies and seven years of good luck ahead of us, we boarded the train back to Tokyo. Coming up: the worlds best sushi! And fish uterus. I know Im excited.

Education and Racism Essay - 791 Words

Education and Racism If teachers across America would arise and make the personal commitment to do something about racism, beginning with their own selves, their eventual impact would, I believe, be tremendous (Hacker 191). It is time to take action. Not only in our own lives, but in the lives of the children. There has been attempts, there has been success, and there has been failure. Many people have ways in which they believe will help reduce racism. But which is the right way, the best way? According to Barbara Hacker, author of Advice for Teachers on Racism and Oneness, it is up to the educators. She believes teachers can make a difference in the lives of his or her students. Hacker suggests four†¦show more content†¦By setting rules for discussion, much more can be accomplished, more people can be heard, and more opinions can be changed. The second major role teachers can play in educating students about racism is through exactly that, education. A lot has been written about the nature of prejudice, and racism, the many ways in which it is manifested, how it is transmitted and perpetuated, and even the stages that individuals go though in overcoming its effects (Hacker 192). If teachers would find this information, believe in it and share it with the children, then hopefully a few, if not all the views of the students will change. Everyone needs this body of knowledge (193). The third important principle is to realize that we all have prejudices. They are formed very early in life and are often very strong. They become a natural part of our lives, and cloud our minds with ignorance. Teachers are seen as role models, authority figures, and mentors. So many children fail to challenge them whether they be right or wrong. A corollary of the concept that we all have prejudices is the idea that it really is okay to make mistakes, and that mistakes are opportunities for learning and growing (193). It could do wonders for both teachers and students if the educators taught about prejudice and taught about, and admitted their own mistakes. Lastly, the fourth key principle of overcoming racismShow MoreRelatedRacism And The Education System Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesMy study displays how people from several categories have differing opinions about racists teaching in the education system. It can help determine peoples’ attitudes toward race in the schools. However, there were some of the limitations to my study. One was that I could not interview and interact with the respondents personally. I was not able to ask in depth questions as to why people felt a certain way about racist teachers. Also, I wanted to know if the respondents surveyed ever had any interactionRead MoreRacism and Sexism in Education1166 Words   |  5 Pageswhich produce and maintain racism and racial hatred; the study of the interaction between social class and ethnicity in social stratification, giving rise to both vertical and horizontal segments in t he social structure of societies; the sociological analysis of how these issues have contributed to the specific features of social stratification in contemporary societies. Despite the importance of these empirical studies, it is argued that, in order to conceptualize racism, sociologists must set asideRead MoreRacism, Discrimination, And Sex Education Essay2037 Words   |  9 PagesEducate Your Children about Homosexuality Growing up in middle school and high school there is education on racism, discrimination, and sex education. Truth is homosexuality is one of the issues that lack education with children. Usually when teenagers become high school students, they see it and are already aware because there are same sex couples in high school. Seven years ago in high school, a couple kept a secret about their relationship because they did not know how others would react, andRead MoreRacism And Its Effect On Children s Education Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesShayna Cohen Mrs. Clarke English II 15 December 2016 Racism Impacts Education Obtaining a good education allows a person to gain the basic skills he or she would need to thrive in the world as an adult. In order for a child to acquire the benefits of a good education, a stable environment must be provided without the influence of any negative outside forces. One negative force that can directly impact a minority child’s education is racism. Interestingly enough, there are several other aspectsRead More The Effects of Racism in Education Essay example5296 Words   |  22 Pagesupper levels of education than the student will suffer in one degree or another. My focus group will be highschool and college students with an emphasis on those who are in the junior class of both institutions. I will take a small sample of each student group and the educators who are responsible for them. I intially planned on studying only highschool students but in my collection of information I found that diversity issues are rising in numbers at institutes of higher education on a profoundlyRead MoreRacism And Yik Yak : Improving Education2547 Words   |  11 PagesRacism and Yik Yak: Improving Education to Curb Social Media’s Prejudice â€Å"We live in two worlds here. The White world and the Black world. And we have to change to accommodate those worlds. My speech even changes† (Hughes). Black students are not abnormal or inferior, but they often feel as if they are while attending Predominantly White Institutions. Robin L. Hughes, an assistant professor, conducted a survey in 2002 at Lone Star University, a Predominantly White Institution (PWI) in the SouthRead MoreEssay on Racism and White Privilege in the Education System3426 Words   |  14 Pagesactuality this passive acceptance of and ignorance of the existent racial hierarchy and a common association of any race with products and styles that blacks are whites both enjoy only perpetuates stereotypes and racism both institutional and micro alike. By associating the potential existence of racism with consumption, a form of rationalization is that we now live in society that does not recognize and reward race, but merit. In turn, whites do not inheren tly realize the privileges that they are born withRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Is Set in Americas Deep South and Deals with Crucial Issues in Society at the Beginning of the Twenteith Century Like Racism, Education Practices and the Role of Female in Society.2182 Words   |  9 Pagescentury like racism, education practices and the role of female in society. There are many destructive forces in this world that may destroy our humanity, beat down our beliefs and wreck havoc on our morals. Greed, arrogance, anger, ignorance†¦ but none so powerful as racism. Racism is the worst kind of prejudice in society. Jared Taylor, editor of American Renaissance Magazine, states, â€Å"People prefer the company of people like themselves.† For this, and many other reasons, racism has been prevalentRead MoreThe Importance Of Adult Education As An Academic Discipline800 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In today’s knowledge-based society and economy, education, in particular continuing education, is one of the key elements for stable and well-paying jobs as technology and information continue to evolve. This fact sheds light on the importance of adult education as an academic discipline, which brings about learning to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, and/or values, in particular in a broader context. In particular, the results of Programme for the International Assessment of AdultRead MoreMulticultural Education And Communication Issues1463 Words   |  6 Pages Multicultural Education and Communication Issues In Schools Dorian Stoudemire EDUC 513 American Military University 30 July 2017 â€Æ' Multicultural Education and Communication Issues in Schools Introduction A multicultural setting is considered to have people who have diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore it is important to consider a school environment as one of those places that have diverse cultural backgrounds. The role of such institutions is to try and provide equal opportunities to

The Future Of Language Essay - 987 Words

The Future of Language Throughout history, humans have always evolved in regards to the way we live our lives, and we continue to evolve to this day. A particular aspect of our lives that humans seem to always change is language. While the changes may not be dramatic or easy to detect these changes eventually add up and result in a language that at one point was nonexistent. In John H. McWhorter’s informational article, â€Å"What the World Will Speak In 2115† he discusses how in the year 2115 the idea of a monolingual world is unlikely, so humans will most likely create simplified versions of languages or become multilingual. With the intent of this article aiming to inform the reader about the different routes language may take in the next century one is left wondering what languages will look like in a century from today. McWhorter begins his article by referring to two attempted universal languages, Volapà ¼k and Esperanto, which were eventually overshadowed by English. While English has grown to be spoken by almost two billion people today, he remains certain that it will not grow to the point that it becomes the world’s only language. Instead, McWhorter believes that English will only grow enough to become the international language while the remaining languages will continue to be used locally. He also refutes the idea that Mandarin will become the world’s language by reminding the reader of how complex and difficult it is to learn the language as an adult inShow MoreRelatedThe Internet and the Future of Language Essays727 Words   |  3 Pagesstylistic complexity of the language is unprecedented and comparable to that of conventional audio and visual quality of linguistic aspects. Unlike previous communication media, the internet is global, interactive and electronic. Such characteristics of the media have different influences in linguistic development. Moreover, the internet also redefines the relationship between the written and spoken aspects of language, according to Dr David Crystal, the internet language is called ‘written speech’Read MoreJune Jordan and David Sedaris Description of Experiences with Linguistic Diversity: A Comparative Analysis683 Words   |  3 PagesBoth June Jordan and David Sedaris describe their experiences with linguistic diversity. Jordans June Jordan Nobody Mean More to Me than You and the Future Life of Willie Jordan is an essay on the importance of teaching and acknowledging Black English. According to Jordan, Black English is not exactly a linguistic buffalo, meaning that the language is not rare or extinct (160). This is true even if Black English develops within a world that is alien and hostile to us, (160). Da vid Sedariss MeRead MoreDiscuss the Roles of Language and Reason in History1695 Words   |  7 PagesTOK- Essay Question 9 â€Å"Discuss the roles of language and reasoning in history† 1451 words Nadia Lotze 000 865-015 Mr Skeoch History is the past written by the present. The very nature of this statement creates the predicament of historical knowledge. The historians of the present are under constant pressure of rapidly changing society; therefore what we discover from the past is dependent on our perceptions that are forever changing. History and historical explanations are deduced and manipulatedRead MoreFor All Victims by Antjie Krog1490 Words   |  6 Pagesthe changing countries. This essay is going to critical analyse the poem discussing how the hearing of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission(TRC) provided South Africa with an opportunity to redefine their relationship to the past and to locate their place in the future. Firstly, this essay is going to discuss the speaker’s attitude towards the formation of the new South Africa and how the form of address has a relation on the speaker’s feelings. Secondly this essay is going to discuss the way inRead MoreAnalysis Of Into The Electron ic Millennium By Birkerts1173 Words   |  5 Pagesdevices in the future? â€Å"In Into the Electronic Millennium†, Birkerts discusses his concerns with the oncoming electronic world. Birkerts provides lots of cons about the electronic devices that can affect peoples lives. The author’s intention for writing this essay is to make the audience aware of the significant changes that have started to occur as electronic technologies have developed. He uses various rhetorical devices to convey his arguments to the readers. Through this essay, he is trying toRead Morehappy and prosperous india976 Words   |  4 PagesCity level Winners of the first Tamil edition of Tata Building India - School Essay Competition from 4 cities felicitated in Chennai †¢ Around 1.30 lakh Students from 137 schools participated in the 2009-10 Tamil edition of Tata Building India School Essay Competition from 4 cities in Tamilnadu (Chennai, Kanchipuram, Coimbatore and Vellore). †¢ The Tamil edition of the competition was held for the first time in 2009-10 in 12 cities across Tamilnadu where around 3.25 lakh students fromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Narrative The Twelve By Sandra Cisneros930 Words   |  4 PagesResponse Two In the duration of this English class we have read multiple essays. The essays include a short story, â€Å"Eleven† by Sandra Cisneros whose main idea is that there is not a correlation between age and emotional evolution. â€Å"College Pressures† by William Zinsser argues that college students are under excessive stress to plan their future and succeed. The narrative, â€Å"Mother Tongue†, by Amy Tan focuses on the variants in the universal English dialect which is based on one’s background. â€Å"IndianRead MoreAnalysis of Tina Rosenbergs Everyone Speaks Text Message Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pagesher readers to contemplate preserving their native language and presents digital technology as the ultimate solution. Rosenberg targets linguistic minorities and the readers of The New York Times as her audience. The author’s main purpose is to inform the readers that numerous indigenous languages such as N’Ko are fading away, and efforts toward s saving them must be initiated. She examines the problems faced by N’Ko, and then she concludes the essay by discussing efforts put forth by the native peopleRead MoreBlack English Essay example739 Words   |  3 PagesBlack English Another Way to Classify Humans To open your mouth Â… You have confessed your parents, your youth, your school, your salary, your self-esteem, and alas, your future . After reading the two essays, From Outside, In by Barbara Mellix and If Black English Isnt a Language Then Tell Me, What Is? by James Balwin, I came to realize a few things one of them being that the way we speak, is a means of identifying somebodys culture and background. Much in how a license can tell a personRead MoreAnalysis Of Russell s Fears About Inductive Reasoning1081 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay looks to discuss Wittgenstein’s response to Russell’s worries about inductive reasoning. According to Russell, inductive beliefs cannot be justified, as to justify them we need to know that the past is indicative of the future, which we cannot know since the future has not occurred yet. Thus, he holds that we cannot justify inductive beliefs. First the essay discusses how we ordinarily claim that induction to be unjustified. Con clusions drawn from this are then used by Wittgenstein to

Theoretical Problems of Terminology Free Essays

string(277) " denotes a discipline which systematically studies the labelling or designating of concepts particular to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting consistent usage\." Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Theoretical Problems of Terminology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2. Chapter 1 1. Theoretical problems of terminology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 6 1. 1 Terms, their definition and classification 1. 2 Terminology 3. Chapter 2 Semantic peculiarities of English and Ukrainian medical terminology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 4. Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 5. The list of literature used†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 28 Anotation Terminology appears spontaneously as a result of knowledge accumulation and appearance of special notions and concepts. The importance of our investigation is determined by the necessity to study the semantics of medical terms. The aim of our year paper is to define the main semantic peculiarities of English and Ukrainian medical terms and their interaction with the words of general language. The achievement of the aim provides accomplishment of the following tasks: 1) to study theoretical literature on the problems investigated; 2) to study medical terms and their meanings on the basis of explanatory and special dictionaries; 3) to apply the methods of formalized analysis of semantics for building the matrix of semantic space of the English and Ukrainian medical terminology on the background of general language; 4) to define the correlation of terminological and general semantics of lexemes under study. The object of our year paper is 50 English and Ukrainian medical terms with the explanation of their medical and general meanings. The subject of our investigation – semantic peculiarities of the English and Ukrainian medical terms. The language material for the year paper was taken from four dictionaries. The lexical material for our research presents 50 English medical terms the semantics of which we have analyzed from medical vocabulary (Mondofacto) and explanatory (Longman) dictionary, we also used Ukrainian medical and explanatory dictionaries. We separated the semes from the meanings of the terms that have been studied in order to the basis of English and Ukrainian terminological and explanatory dictionaries. We analyzed the peculiarities of their special and general semantics. The year paper consists of the introduction, two chapters, conclusions, the list of literature used and supplement. Chapter I. Theoretical problems of terminology Modern life of society is characterized by steep development of science and technology that’s why it leads to improvement of languages of these branches, especially scientific and technical terminology. The term â€Å"terminology† is assigned to several concepts: Terminology 1: Terminology science. Inter-and-Trans disciplinary field of knowledge dealing with concepts and their representations (terms, symbols, etc. ) Terminology 2: Aggregate of terms, which represent the system of concept of an individual subject field. Terminology 3: Publication in which the system of concepts of a subject field is represented by terms. [6;18] The functions of terminology: ) the ordering of knowledge on grounds of the relationships of concepts. 2) the transfer of knowledge, skills and technology (education, training, reading of scientific and technical texts, etc. ) 3) the formulation and dissemination of scientific and technical texts into their information. 4) the translation of scientific and technical texts into their languages. 5) the abstracting and condensing of subject information. 6) the storage and retrieval of scientific and technical information. 6;18] Theories of terminology as t hey have developed over at least six decades, consider that concepts are: 1) units of thought, focusing on the psychological aspect of recognizing objects as part of reality; 2) units of knowledge, focusing on the epistemological aspect of information gathered on the object in question; 3) units of communication, stressing the fact that concepts are the prerequisite for knowledge transfer in specialized discourse. The development of terminologies as a crucial part of special purpose languages reflects scientific, technical and economic progress in the subject fields concerned. Due to different speeds in this dynamic co-evolution of knowledge in the individual domains, specialized discourse continues to differentiate into more and more sectorized special languages and terminologies. 18; 7] But these communication tools become increasingly ambiguous due to the sheer number of concepts to be designated and the limited linguistic resources of every natural language: terms are taken over from one domain into another, usually with varying meanings in the form of metaphors or analogies; new homonyms, and terminological meanings, synonyms arise, motivating or even forcing subject specialists to standardize their terminology and harmonize them on the multilingual level in order to reduce and manage the constantly rising communicative complexity that faces their discourse communities. Terminology research is not limited to semiotic and linguistic studies of term formation and the epistemological dimension of the evolution of scientific knowledge. The agenda of terminology science also includes socio-terminological studies of the acceptance of neologisms proposed by terminology and language planners, case studies on terminology development by standardization and harmonization efforts, research and development concerning the establishment and use of terminology databases for various user groups and purposes and concerning controlled vocabularies for documentation and information retrieval purposes. Terminology displays the notions that were created, and spontaneously exist in every branch. Terminology is the study of and the field of activity concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentations of terms. The field of terminology is not independent as a discipline. Terminology though traced back for some decades got a more theoretical and methodological background in the past years. Terminology is an inter disciplinary field of research because it is highly influenced by the activities and methods of the areas if serves. Earlier terminology was a problem of engineers needing concepts for naming new technical items. Now linguists claim it to be another dimension of lexicology and lexicography. Terminology has become a specialized aspect of computational linguistics and information science[17;10]. Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are words and compound words that in specific contexts are given specific meanings, meanings that may deviate from the meaning the same words have in other contexts and in everyday language. The discipline Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture. Terminology differs from lexicography n studying concepts, conceptual systems, and their labels (terms), whereas lexicography study words and their meanings. Terminology thus denotes a discipline which systematically studies the labelling or designating of concepts particular to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting c onsistent usage. You read "Theoretical Problems of Terminology" in category "Papers" This study can be limited to one language or can cover more than one language at the same time (multilingual terminology, bilingual terminology, and so forth) or may focus on studies of terms across fields [26;45]. Terminology is a science whose aim is to study terms, which are lexical elements used in specialized fields (subjects or their branches) and generated in such fields or modified from elements already existing in other fields. In Terminology, the â€Å"term† or â€Å"terminological unit† is the meaning unit made up of one single word (simple term) or several words (complex term) and represents a concept in an univocal way in a specific semantic field (Office of the French Language of Quebec). From this definition, we can understand that a term is a specialized word in relation to its meaning and the field in which it is used. It is considered in that way when used in a certain context in which it takes the function of a â€Å"term†. Terms are elements of natural languages, as are other lexical units too. As far as terminologies reflect rapid development of science, they are opened to language planning, systematic management and different kinds of manipulation more than other lexical subsystems or strata. This causes terminologists to fulfill three comprehensive projects 1) the standardization of existing terminologies; 2) the creation of new national terminologies as well as 3) their international unification. 18; 8] A definition is description of a concept by means of other known concepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. Definitions can be categorized according to their purpose into descriptive prescriptive definitions. A descriptive definition states which meaning a term has. A prescriptive definition states which meaning a term should have. [15;11] In the seventies of the xx century the peak of interest towards system character of terminology could be observed and that was connected with the popularity of the biologist Bertalanffy. This scientist suggested the programme of building general theory of systems, which contained general principles and laws of the systems behaviour no matter what elements and the relationships between were. The difference between terminology system and terminology is, first of all, in the way they come into being. Terminology appears spontaneously as a result of knowledge accumulation and appearance of special notions and concepts. Terminology enters the mental world far from being accomplished and crowned; its lexical units are very far from systematic. Terminological system is completely isomorphic to the system of concepts and terminology is not. [23;17] Terminology-is the section of vocabulary which covers the terms of different spheres of science, art, social life, and technics. [9;23] Terminology is closely related to such sciences as ontology, logics, linguistics, communication theory, information and documentation science, computer science, etc. In the GTT the notion ‘‘concept’’ and its relationship to other concepts have a central position. They are cornerstones of the GTT and the starting point of any terminology work. The conceptology which is a basic discipline of logic is closely connected in this respect with terminology. The most important link of terminology to linguistics is that the term is a linguistic symbol, which is formed by words or word elements. [18; 7] Terminology is not connected to information retrieval in any way but focused on the meaning and conveyance of concepts. â€Å"Terms† used in an information retrieval context are not the same as â€Å"terms† used in the context of terminology, as they are not always technical terms of art. 9;20] The problems of terminology were investigated by such linguists as:L. A. Kapanadze [10], V. I. Malcey [11], V. P. Danulenko [9;9], O . S. Achmanova [5;58], A. A. Reformatskuj [11;27], H. O. Vinokur [7;11] and others. Semantic aspect of English and Ukrainian medical terminology was studied by such linguists as:Balyshyn S. I[3], Chabirova Z. P,[11], Orlova A. S, Philipova Y. B. [21;22], Skinner H. A[23], Dorian A. F[54;20]. and oth ers The English language began creation of modern terminology from Choser’s time. In his work â€Å"Treatise on the astrolabe† he for the first time used terms declinations, ecliptic, latitude, longitude, meridian, zodiac etc. Term (lat. Terminus – boundary, limit) is alexico -nominative unit that needs definitions( V. P. Danylenko[11;20], T. L. Kandelaki[25] and others). Definition is a necessary dependency of term which has a meaning for its selection from the vocabulary stock of language(S. V. Novak)[15;23]. Term is considered to be a nominative sign that operates in the language with a special purpose (V. M. Leychik). Term is determined as a language unit, correlated with conceptions of special professional spheres ( V. A. Tatarynov) [14;27]. It is understandable that a large number of terminological definitions as a conception of a word and scientific term do not lead to distinct and simple solution of their theoretically linguistic essence. The study of early works in terminology shows that linguistic essence of term is not enough researched. Mainly researchers were interested in lexicographical aspect of terminology and not in definition and uncovering semantic peculiarities of term . A term is a word or a certain word- combination that distinctly and definitely designates scientific or special notion. The term does not designate the notion like an ordinary word, but inversely, the concept is attached to a term. Thus, a specific concept determined by a term is understandable only due to its definition-laconic, logical, which points out essential indications of a subject and denotes its notion and matter. According to Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, a term is â€Å"a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a science, art, profession or subject. [18; 10] One more definition of a term explains as â€Å"any conventional symbol for a concept which consists of articulated sounds or of their written representations. A term may be a word or a phrase. †[20; 10] As it is vivid from the definition the term always stands for a concept and it should preferably stand for a single concept. This concept has a meaning that i s fixed, abstract and general. Only features that are considered to be relevant are retained in the meaning, other features are rejected. Concepts are mental representations of individual object or comprise a set of individual objects having certain qualities in common. Concepts are mental representations of individual object or comprise a set of individual objects having certain qualities in common. A term is defined by the content it stands for and not by any peculiarities in its linguistic structure. [15; 11]. An expression is a term within the framework of a conceptual system in which it is defined as a term. Membership of a terminological system thus gives an expression terminological status. Ancient Greek philosophers said that a term has two meanings: In broad definition a term-is a word or word-combination, which denotes real or abstract subjects. In this case the word term coincide with the meaning of a â€Å"name†, it means that a term the same as name. In narrow definition, as we already know the term- is a word or word-combinations introduced into a science as the designation of subjects, appearances that are studied by the science. [12;272]. To descriptive terms belong: a)set-expressions, which name or denote empirical and abstract objects. They designate a â€Å"term†-as proper and general names. b)predicative expression-is a word or word-combination which denotes properties and qualities of subjects and relations between the subjects. )objective functional expressions, which denote objective functions and operations, to which special mathematical and logical signs and words denoting scope, weight, growth, colour belong. [14; 30] Terms can be more or less complex lexical units that are generated following several processes: †¢ The extension of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instanc e, â€Å"mouse† in computing terminology is a device that allows the user to interact with the computer). †¢ Generation of a phrase that functions as a whole with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). Symbolic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathematical formulas (H2SO4). †¢ Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization). †¢ Names of post (Prime Minister), organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is drawn by the use of the lexical unit in a specialised field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain level of specialised knowledge is needed to recognise a term (we will only know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology). The characteristics of a text –communicative purpose, subject, specialisation grade– are also helpful to recognise the presence of terms. †¢ The extension of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instance, â€Å"mouse† in computing terminology is a device that allows the user to interact with the computer). †¢ Generation of a phrase that functions as a whole with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). †¢ Symbolic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathematical formulas (H2SO4). †¢ Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Names of post (Prime Minister), organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is drawn by the use of the lexical unit in a specialised field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain level of specialised knowledge is needed to recognise a term (we wi ll only know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology). The characteristics of a text –communicative purpose, subject, specialisation grade– are also helpful to recognise the presence of terms. In order to establish the limit between term and word, it is important to know the characteristics of terms in a specialised language. According to Gutierrez Rodilla (1998: 88-94) the characteristics of terms are precision, emotional neutrality and stability over time. For instance, â€Å"aplasia† is a medical term meaning incomplete or faulty development of an organ; it is monosemic which implies precision; it is neutral emotionally; and finally, it is stable over time since it has been used without any variation in use, form and meaning for a long period of time in scientific documents. A concept can be described either by the definition or explanation. If it is not possible in a certain case to provide a definition at least an explanation should be given. The definition is the key to any scientific work. A definition is description of a concept by means of other known concepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. Most foreign linguists pay more attention to semantic character of the term. They discover universal theoretical cases concerning terminological science, but not language facts are estimated by them superficially, without proper argumentation, unconvincingly. Terminological principles and methods are the basis for the unification of terminology work. They concern the analysis of concepts, the determination of their intension, the investigation of relationships of concepts, the design of systems of concepts, the description of concepts(definition), the assignment concept- designation(terms, symbols, etc. or vice versa, selection of adequate words or word elements for the formation of terms, creation of correct new terms etc. [23;25]. Characteristics of terms The reality around us is made up of a wide variety of objects that are observed or simply seen. The human mind is able to perceive every objects and generate a conceptual image that allows recreating the object even if it is not within our senses’ reach. In human communication, it is necessary to re present an objectconcept with a material and recognisable with the means available for humans. In a verbal language such representation is the word –oral or written– and the term in specialised communication. Thus, the term, as with any other word, is a sign with a triple dimension: †¢ Linguistic: the signifier (the formal aspect of the term). †¢ Cognitive: the meaning of the concept represented by a term. †¢ Ontological: the referent, the object from reality to be named. The three dimensions give three different, but related, aspects of terms: †¢ Linguistic dimension – symbolic aspect: this refers to a term as a symbol representing an object, a referent. Cognitive dimension – conceptual aspect: in relation to the concept that allows the human mind to keep the referent. †¢ Ontological dimension – referential aspect: the referent itself to be named and understood. Dimensions of a term cognitive linguistic ontological concept term referent conceptual symbolic referential aspects. To the three dimensions already explaine d, it is possible to add a fourth one that is implicit at the beginning of this section, the communicative dimension (associated with a discursive aspect). According to this dimension, the terms are inserted in a discourse with the purpose of taking part in the message produced in a communicative event. From this communicative point of view, the sender of the message, the author of the text, uses each term with a sole meaning, regardless of whether it is the term’s meaning, one chosen among the different concepts and referents represented by a single polysemic term, or an altered, modified or adulterated meaning that the author assigns to a term accidentally (perhaps due to a lack of competence in a specialised knowledge) or intentionally (a personal use of language and terminology). The balance in the relations between the different dimensions and aspects defines the characteristics of each term, but not all the terms share the same level of relations, that is why the features of terms as a whole are more of a trend, desired by their producers and users, than a reality. According to Gutierrez Rodilla (1998: 88-94) the features of terms are precision, emotional neutrality and stability. A term has to meet a number of requirements: 1. The term must be well motivated. The motivation of a term should be self-evident. 2. The term should be systematic. That means that it must be a member of terminological system. 3. The formation of the term must be in accordance with the syntactic rules of the language. 4. The term must be potentially productive of derivations. 5. The term must avoid pleonasm. This part of pleonastic formation generally occurs through a lack of linguistic knowledge. 6. The term should not contain superfluous elements. This may occur when the generic term and the specific term form a new term. 7. The term should preferably not have synonymous, homonymous or polysemous terms. 8. The term should be as short as possible without affecting its clarity. 9. The term should preferably not present orthographical or morphological variations. 18; 11] At the present stage of language development society influences all language terminological processes such as term formation , interaction of generally used lexics and terminology, borrowing of terms from other languages and subsystems, development of polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, standardization and unification of terms, etc. In this chapter we observed theoretical problems of terminology, functions of terminology, requirements of a term, terms, their definition and classification, terminology and terminological system, the principles of terminology and methods. Also we named famous linguists who studied the problems of terminology. We observed the term as an indivisible unit of mentality that arises the smallest segment of concrete mentality process. By this segment in our year paper is a scientific concept of linguistic that indicates term- word which we receive on the basis of imagination about practical and theoretical activity of a person. We consider that linguistic term as a word is a part of vocabulary and is not isolated from the laws that influence on the lexical system in general. How to cite Theoretical Problems of Terminology, Papers

Critical Argument Analysis Essay free essay sample

Self-preservation is said to be the reasoning behind the emotion of fear, in fact most fears our commonly shared among large groups of people. For instance the two most common phobias are; Arachnophobia the fear of spiders and Ophidiophobia the fear of snakes shared among most people in the United States today. The three level of fear are Internal, External and Subconscious, each level identifies with a certain situation that would bring that fear type reaction out of a person. Internal fear is conviction within you, external fear is something you would on all accounts avoid and subconscious fear is the act of your subconscious mind protecting you from an action it believes you should refrain from participating. I would safely say it is a natural part of living to have a fear of something, one would say it is human nature. Frank Furedi; States in â€Å"The Fear Market† that fear is no longer a simply emotion or a response to the perception of threat. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Argument Analysis Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But has turned into a cultural idiom, he continues on by stated that this idiom is some type of sense of unease about our place in the world. Society today using fear as a marketing tool; such as purchasing a home, you want the best home in the best neighborhood, which is usually associated with the safest neighbors hood with best school for your children. But we can reflect on the â€Å"Sandy Hook† tragedy that our perception of safety may be un earthed by things that are most unexpected. Especially in country was freedom; freedom of speech, freedom of will is used to justify action of people that might night always be ethical. For example the â€Å"Treyon Martin† story George Zimmerman has the freedom to bear arms and the protection of a stand your group law. To protect him from any type of responsibility for the death of that young man. Fear was the driving point of the situation; Zimmerman’s fear of what society has train him subconsciously to be fearful of a un armed black man. The Irony is that Martin was most likely just as or evens more of fearful of Zimmerman. Fear has lost its relationship experience â€Å"Frank Furedi† makes this point giving us an ideological view of the history of fear steaming through cultures and societies. â€Å"Terrorist† a person who terrorizes or frightens others, meaning by Dictionary. com. David G. Myers â€Å"Do We Fear the Right Things? † Ask the question â€Å"Why do we fear terrorism? More than most things that kills more people worldwide than terrorism did in a decade. People come addicts of safety and sometimes overlook the most common threats like car accidents, cancer, heart disease etc. there is a type of propaganda associated with the thought of mass fear within a society of people hold on to safety and would pay anything to live in the safe bubble of security they have so called created for themselves. David G Myers; â€Å"Do We Fear the Right Things? states the united stated was prepared to spend $ 100 billion a year on homeland security. He went on to say that our society is understandably being terrorized by terrorism. His argument in this essay is will if you do not agree with his point definitely pose doubt on your believe of fear being mediatized. Fearlessness is structured from pushing color lines, living beyond stereotypes; not being afraid of failure and walking side by side with fear. Maury P. McCrillis in â€Å"Why Eminem Is Important† refers to the rapper to have being able to straddle the separates good taste from bad. Eminem push the lines of ethical and moral structures of a society the has built its reputation on being free enough to stay within the fear lines set. Hip Hop Artistry has set a precedent for youth of that live in this thrive in culture to push that fear line more often. Going against many ethical roots put in place by the conservative mind set of the past, Hip Hop allow freedom of speech to go from the whisper in the crowd to the voice on the louder speaker heard around the world. Fear; fearful people feel that hip-hop has ruined a generation. Fearless know that not only did Hip Hop created a new platform from some that otherwise would have never had chance , but it has also in forced a much need change on fearful society indeed of freedom. Fear impact majority of our life styles, rather we will admit to it or not. I enables us to want security in all areas of our lives, it could be just feeling safe at home with the latest high-tech home security system you can buy, or you feel that you moral teaching will be securely kept by your children approach the real world. Security in job, safely being able to underperform but protected by a union. Fear drives home most of the things we are taught to not be afraid of as child, which we go into adult fearfully of those very things.

Allam Iqbal free essay sample

Explain the Ideology of Pakistan in the light of sayings of Allama Iqbal? Ans. The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a collective objective of any nation is called Ideology. OR Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned about their future. The Ideology of Pakistan The Ideology of Pakistan was the consciousness of the Muslims in the historical perspective of the south Asian sub-continent that they were a separate nation on the basis of the Islamic ideology. No doubt Islamic ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundamentals of Islam are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan. Allama Iqbal amp; Ideology of Pakistan Allama Iqbal was the person who for the first time gave the concept of a separate state for the Muslims keeping in view the Two Nation Theory. He clearly explained the Ideology of Pakistan in his sayings and poetry. We will write a custom essay sample on Allam Iqbal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aflame Iqbal and Ideology of Pakistan: 1. Separate Recognition of Muslims: Allama lqbal made it clear that the Muslims have the separate recognition from the Hindus on the base of religion and culture. In this regard he said â€Å"India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human beings belonging to different languages and practicing different religions. Muslim nation has its own religious and cultural identity. † 2. Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts: Allama lqbal was strongly against the western concept of Democracy. Despite flourishing all over the world, this system cannot provide solution of the problem of Islamic world. Iqbal was of the view that all social and political problems can be solved with the help of Islamic system. He said, (Western democracy is devoid of depth, it has merely an attractive out look. ) 3. Concept of separate Muslim State: Dr. Muhammad Allama lqbal was great supporter and preacher of separate Muslim state. He gave this idea of separate state for the Muslims in 1930 while addressing the annual meeting of All India Muslim league in Allah Abad, â€Å"I want to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan in the form of one homogenous state. Whether India gets independences under the crown of England or out of it, I think independent state of western provinces is the destiny of the people living there. 4. Commendation of Idea of Single Nation: In March, 1909 when lqbal was asked to address a meeting held by Minvra Raj Amritsar but he refused to address that meeting amp; said. â€Å"I remained the supporter of this idea but now I am of the view that preservation of separate nationhood is useful for Hindus and Muslims birth. To have the concept of single nation in India is no doubt po etic and beautiful but impractical regarding present circumstances. † 5. Concept of Two Nation Theory: Allama Iqbal explaining the two nation theory as: Despite living together for 1000 years, Hindus and Muslims have their own individual ideologies so the only solution of political conflict in India is to have a separate independent parliament for each nation. † 6. Eradication of Racial amp; Regional Prejudices: Allama Iqbal rejected the Racial amp; Regional Prejudices. Once he said in this regard as: â€Å"Concept of nation and homeland is confusing the Muslims. That is why Islamic humane objects are becoming dim. It is also possible that these concepts may destroy the real concepts of Islam. † 7. Explanation of Relation of Islam amp; politics: Allam Iqbal was in the favour of basic concept that politics is a part of religion (Islam) and Islam provides complete guidance about it, â€Å"Islam does not consider matter and soul separate from each other. Allah, Universe and state all are the basic elements of single unit. Man is not so alien that he should leave worldly affairs for the sake of religion. † 8. Islam is complete code of life In the annual meeting of Muslim League on December 29, 1930 at Allahabad, he said, â€Å"Islam is not the name of some beliefs and customs but it is a compete ode of life. In, Europe, religion is every one’s personal matter which divides the human oneness into two opposite parts i. e. body and soul. In contrast to that in Islam, God, Universe, soul, matter, sate and religions are bound to each other or in other words Muslims are one nation† 9. Islam is a lively power In his Allahabad address he said: â€Å"Islam is a lively power which frees human mind from thoughts country and race. If we understand this thing then we can be the leaders of prominent Indian civilization. † 10. Islam is the way to success Allama Iqbal said in relation to Islam: â€Å"The lesson which I learnt from history is that Islam always helped the Muslims. Even today, Ideology of Islam can save your being from destruction by uniting your divided powers†. 11. No other ideology of life than Islam On the publication of his poem, â€Å"Khazr-e-Rah† people started to call Allama Iqbal as communist. He rejected this balance firstly in his essay and then in a letter to All-e-Ahmed Sarwur in 1937. He said: â€Å"To me capitalism, communism and other isms of this world have no importance. Islam is the only reality which is the reason of salvation. To have a contract with any other ism is just like to be out of Islam. † 12. Opposition of Nationalism He described the reason of opposition of nationalism in the words: â€Å"I am opposed to nationalism, not because if it is allowed to develop in India. It is likely to bring less material gain to Muslims. I am opposed to it because I see in it the germs of atheistic materialism which I look upon as the greatest danger to modern humanity† 13. Separate Existence of Muslims The fact is that even the enemies acknowledge that it was Iqbal who made the idea of a distinct Muslim Nationhood crystal clear in the minds of the masses. A bigoted Hindu leader Madan Mohan Malwiya once remarked. â€Å"Before Iqbal, we had not the slightest idea that the Muslims possessed a separate existence in India. We regarded them to be a part of a common nationalism† 14. Foundation of Pakistan Allama Iqbal not only put forward the proposal of Pakistan? creation by uniting the Muslim majority provinces of north-western India, he also explicitly pointed out the foundations on which this state was to be established and was to function. He said: â€Å"To address this session of All India Muslim League you have selected a man who is not despaired of Islam as a living force for freeing the outlook of man from its geographical limitations, who believes that religion is a power of utmost importance in the life of individual as well as states. â₠¬  15. Unity of Muslim World Allama Iqbal was a great supporter of Muslims Unity. He gave the message to the Nation of unity, equality, fraternity amp; tolerance. He also declared that there is no any concept of discrimination on the base of colour, cast and creed in Islam. The message of unity of the Muslim World can be seen in his poetry as. 16. Geographical Limitations of Mankind According to Allama Iqbal, Islam is a practical way to eliminate the artificial distinctions of race and nation and to transcend beyond the geographical limitations of mankind. He wanted to established Muslim nationality on ideological lines: Allama lqbal categorically stated that the Hindus and the Muslims can? t live together in one state, and that the Muslims would succeed in making their own separate state sooner or later. He advocated the separate nationhood of Muslims. Declaring Islam a complete code of life Allama lqbal in the annual Session of All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, demanded a Muslim state in the North West of the sub-continent.

A Cause for Concern

A Cause for Concern A Cause for Concern A Cause for Concern By Maeve Maddox It’s a cause for concern that many professional journalists and consultants of various kinds are muddling the idioms â€Å"a cause for concern† and â€Å"gives one pause† to create the meaningless hybrid â€Å"a pause for concern.† Here are some examples, taken from serious news and consulting sites: Why the Latest Economic Reports Should Give Pause for Concern Fewer high school grads in the Midwest give colleges pause for concern Dad’s snores give pause for concern Under the current version of the LEED building rating program (3.0), there are a few interesting wrinkles that should give pause for concern among owners, developers, contractors and subcontractors. the report also revealed some information that should give us pause for concern.   The idiom a cause for concern means â€Å"a reason to feel anxiety.† Here are some examples of its correct use: Threatening Remarks by Swazi Prime Minister Cause for Concern Antibacterial household products: cause for concern    Recent market changes cause for concern The idiom gives one pause means â€Å"causes a person to stop and think more carefully about something.† Here are some examples in which this expression is used correctly: What does seem clear though is that when one considers the volume and duration of the government’s data gathering effort, it gives one pause.   Theres something about communicating with those working to master basic English that gives one pause. It gives one pause to consider that those same forces of natural selection responsible for the diversity, abundance, and efficacy of life forms on this world are also operative on the biospheric, global scale.   One happening in his news-purveying always stood forth sharply if laughably in memory, an additional item that gave him pause with regard to the strangeness of human destiny. The verb pause means, â€Å"to stop or interrupt an action.† Be sure to pause before writing the non-idiom â€Å"to give pause for concern.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageSelect vs. Selected20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Innovation and change (Mobile phone industry ) Essay

Innovation and change (Mobile phone industry ) - Essay Example Government has always bended its brows on companies that have innovated in their technology and business practices but not provided for safe and eco-friendly disposal of parts and batteries (â€Å"Life Cycle Management: A business guide to sustainability†). Being responsible to the environment affects the product offering in the way that consumers make an image of unethical manufacturer in their minds. Nokia has been able to create a good image by providing for eco-friendly disposal of its handset parts across the world. Taxes are means of revenues for Government. A flourishing industry provides better prospects of high taxes to the government. Mobile phone industry has climbed up the ladder of evolution and growth in a very short span and has also been taxed heavily for latest technological innovations. These innovations sometimes help to curb emerging competition due to its monetary intensity and also help avoid malpractices which might take place under innovation disguise. Consumer protection laws and regulations also have a huge bearing on innovation taking place in mobile industry. Innovations are expensive and if the involved technology does not satisfy customer requirements, it has to be replaced abiding by consumer laws, which could be a means of huge losses for the innovator (Bonthron 2009). Technology reducing international distances every day, mobile manufacturers have to resort to efficiency in operational costs by rationalizing their supply chain through international trading. However, across borders, import and export charges and duties have much affected the growth of mobile phone innovation. There have been many cases where host government has denied entry of foreign players due to the fear of their market being captured by other telephony giant, thereby siphoning a major portion of their GDP. Competition has been very stiff in the mobile phone

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Paraphrasing - Essay Example In our home for instance supervision of children even on simple matters as just browsing the internet is very normal. I therefore have grown up appreciating the important role of parental guidance in our lives. This has become so entrenched in me that seeing fellow youth just doing their own things and making decisions without parental involvement for me seemed strange at some point. I for instance find extremely threatening in terms development and growth for children are allowed a lot of freedom to access and experiment with technology on their own. However, with and as I continue to mingle with people from different cultures and parts of the world I realise that things are different. Children from other cultures are left to surf the internet on their own devoid of any form of parental guidance. Critically looking at the issue I begin to change my biases because I find these children are left to learn on their own and control their own at an early age hence their development could even be faster. Interaction with other cultures is therefore a very important factor behind changes in our biases. Age is also important as well as the level of exposure one has to the outside

Images Of African Americans In The Media

Images Of African Americans In The Media The mass media is a powerful force today in American pop culture. A lot of the images seen on television, magazines, billboards, and on television have lasting impressions. Sometimes these impressions create a negative impact. The media can be very destructive to society. Many different ethnic groups and cultures are negatively affected by the content and images in the media. African Americans seem to be on the very top of that list. For some people in society, the only time they get to see another race is from the images portrayed through the media. America is populated with many different cultures and races, often considered as the worlds largest melting pot. Learned ignorance with a combination of limited exposure and negative images being the only depiction seen in different areas of the media lead to stereotyping of an entire race. Since the infancy of television and newspaper, exposure of African Americans has been scarce or even non-existent. In the early times black culture in television and film were limited to demeaning and cruel depictions of black people as being submissive, docile, and unintelligent. Many black actors were only assigned to domestic roles, portrayed as savages, and other images that added to the stereotypes of black people in that time in history. Blacks were rarely seen in news shows, newspapers, but it seemed to only be shown if they were committing crimes. The negative stereotypes of blacks in the media were a result of the lack of African Americans holding management positions in the media. Therefore a lot of the images being shown blacks had no control over. Even though there are so many negative images of blacks in the media, black entrepreneurs began showing positive images of their race and culture. In 1945, John H. Johnson, founder of Johnson Publishing Company, created Ebony Magazine. This is where he put an effort into displaying positive role models in the black community. In 1951, he crested Jet magazine to discuss the news in the black community that mainstream media ignored. People that read Jet and Ebony said they believrf their dreams could come true after reading the stories of success of other African Americans, despite what they saw in the media. Newspapers that were writing and organized by African Americans had a major influence in overcoming racial stereotypes in the media. In the 1980s, television started portraying positive images of bla cks. Successful sitcoms like The Cosby Show, developed by Bill Cosby showed that African Americans can be educated parents and raise successful family in New York. At least a decade before that, Norman Lear developed a successful family show called Good Times that showed Africans Americans struggling to make ends meet by staying away from the danger that is associated with living in public housing. Even though black people do successful things they are still criticized. Those shows were successful as far as ratings but were still criticized about the characters in Good Times are depicting blacks as poverty stricken. The success of the Cosby show and other positive black shows has changed drastically over the years. The negative and racial preferences in the media even influence our younger generation. All children in our society become aware of racial prejudice that is directed against their own race or others. Social comparison starts from early school years. They normally focus on characteristics like skin color, to make social comparisons. It has been proven through several tests on adolescents in grade school their preferences on a particular race based on what they see in the media. One of researches was based on baby dolls. This test indicated that children prefer white baby dolls because it was more popular on television commercials. Black baby dolls were rarely seen on TV or non-existent. Colorism is another major aspect that has been brought upon by the mass media. Colorism involves light skinned African Americans rejecting blacks who are darker skin toned. Colorism encompasses that dark -skinned African Americans discriminating against lighter skinned blacks for not being dark enough. This also includes issues involving hair texture, eye color, and hair texture. It also involves discrimination among their own race on a persons complexion and physical characteristics. In the media, whether it be on television or in newspapers, it has been said that those with lighter complexions, are treated differently that darker African Americans. African American women in the mass media portray women as stereotypical, mammies, matriarchs, welfare recipients, and jezebels. These images have been controlling images for a long time. The media displays demeaning characteristics of black women being lazy and promiscuous. Today in society the images in women, especially black women, ar e disgusting. In music videos derogatory lyrics and compromising photos forces the community to believe that this is all what African women are all about. Black women are given the most sexual and demeaning roles to promote and advertise products and albums for record labels. These types of images only send out negative images that this is the only thing black women know how to do. Black men are seen as drug users, violent and dead beat fathers in the mass media. Music videos portray them also as thugs and uneducated. If convicted of a crime the news will often show a mug shot of a black male but will show a less offensive picture of a white male. Crime shows and movies will tend to show black males as the offender, being disrespectful , running from the police, and involved in hostile situations. The media tends to show this type of behavior over and over in the news or published in the newspaper more often than you would see a black male doing something positive for his community. This is why other black males are influenced by what they see because this is all they see and they believe this is what they are supposed to do. When society is seeing the same behaviors being shown continuously then this creates the stereotypes of that race. They believe is this how ths race acts based on what they see on television and what they read. On the other hand, the same negative images by the media are turned around when it comes to white females and males. White females are portrayed as victims of crimes and innocent. Forensic files television shows or cold case shows seem to show crimes that involved a white female as a victim, cases with black victims are not sown as much. Another example of the media influencing or promoting racial stereotypes is in the movies. A lot of the movies that are about gang violence or living in urban areas focus on black males being angry and committing crimes. For example, A film called Menace to Society, was produced by black men, and was a totally negative display of African American Men. This movie focused only on the street life and made it seem like there is something good and honorable about being a thug and being involved in criminal activity. A lot of the movies portray black men as being nothing more than animals that have no brains and only engage in criminal activity. With these types of movies being on the market, it is only expected that society including other African Americans will believe and act out on what they see. The media constantly bombards us with negative images of African American males and females, and this is what encourages racial stereotypes. Unfortunately, people tend to believe what they see on TV. They believe that what they see on TV is the truth about the world and everybody in it. Those who believe what they see on television have no other reference or personal life experience which to compare or contrast to make decisions about they see. Younger children tend to look at the med ia to explore new things and see if they can relate to other things in the world. Television and the media has a way of stereotyping people, races, and cultures based on standardized roles and behaviors. This provides people with a broad idea and assumptions. The absence of minorities in the media may leave children with the sense of not being worthy, worthy of attention, or respect. Despite the negative depictions in the media, African Americans have come a long way and have become very successful and powerful in society. African Americans have succeeded in becoming athletes, movie stars, and musical artist. They have succeeded in becoming police officers, nurses, and other professions. They have excelled in being outstanding mother and fathers and marriages are lasting. There is still the high statistics that show that African Americans are above all other races when it comes to being single parents and having broken homes, but not everyone in that race is classed under those stereotypes. They are a lot of positive African American role models that we can look up to now. One African American family that everyone can look up to know as positive reinforcement is the Obama family. They have shown that black they are positive black families that can stick together and be successful. They have given American another way to view black families. They stereotypical views that blacks families always end destruction and broken homes and the children become useless in society have come to end. There are a lot of black families that consist of the mother and father and both are successful in life. They media unfortunately dont show the positive side. He media tends to focus on the broken homes and terrible behaviors of kids that are split between the broken homes. Sadly, this is true but the black family is not the only ones going through broken homes and having single parents. The Cosby Show was one of the first positive depictions of black families, but it was only a television show. Now the Obamas shows a real life portrayal of a happy successful African Amer ican family. Positive images of black fathers in the media are virtually non-existent. Black fathers are normally depicted has leaving their families and not supporting their children. They are mostly seen as worthless individuals who do not work and avoid taking responsibility for their kids. There are a lot of black fathers who are active in their childrens lives but the media neglects to show that to America. Even on day time talk shows you will always see more than any other race black fathers denying their kids and going through paternity test on national television. America loves nothing more but to find enjoyment in watching them demean their race. This display on television only adds fuel to the fire when we are watching black men deny their children. This only makes other races believe that black men are dead beat dads. Contrary to what is being shown on television, there are shows that show how many black men are being involved in their childrens lives. Many rap stars constantly show how much they love and cherish their children. Most of the time you will see them with their families on red carpet events and now they are even making sitcoms that show their everyday lives with their families. With this new change in the media it is a refreshing look at how things are slowly changing.

Animal Farm – Literary Essay

Is it not everyone's dream to live in a world where each person  is equal? Karl Marx came up with a  solution  to the problem of inequality and called it communism. The idea of  communism  looks like a good  plan  on paper but it could never work in real life because of ones’ large desire  for power. George Orwell uses his novel  Animal Farm  to show how one’s greed can lead a great plan to fail, regardless of the situation. He does this by showing how one loses focus of the original idea because they crave power, how one then goes against the original idea, and finally how one turns the original idea into something it was never supposed to be. In the beginning of the  book, Old Major tells the animals his dream of freedom for all animals. Then, Old Major dies, leaving behind his wisdom and his vision for all animals. Throughout the book the other animals carry out his dream and they name it Animalism. They even come up with rules, known as the seven commandments. â€Å"THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal,† (page – chapter 2). The animals then  paint  these commandments on the wall and live by them every day. Even though these are great rules the pigs start to lose focus and start to battle for power. After Old Major dies and the plans for Animalism start to take off both Napoleon and Snowball fight for power over the farm. Two people cannot share power, because power cannot be shared. It is greed that pushes one leader to gain all of the power. In the book Animal Farm Snowball and Napoleon are battling for power. Orwell writes, â€Å"At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it, and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced, (Chapter 5 paragraph 3). † Napoleon seems to strive for power more than Snowball does and he will take any chance he has to take Snowball down, which completely defeats Old Major’s vision of Animalism and its purpose of equality. Power was not a part of Old major’s vision. While Snowball is very intelligent and seems to want the best for Animal Farm Napoleon is just power-hungry. It is clear that Napoleon is jealous of Snowball, so he begins to plan how to get rid of him. To do this, Napoleon uses the dogs to chase Snowball off the farm. When they return to him it’s as if they have no regret. â€Å"It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones,† (5. 15). Napoleon has a taste for power, and now that he has it he is only going to want more. After Snowball is gone, Napoleon has complete control of the farm, which is not a good thing. He rarely speaks for himself because he has Squealer to do it for him. Napoleon gets rid of the meetings, which also gets rid of opportunity for the other animals to speak. He also gives himself all of the luxuries. â€Å"In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near,†Ã‚  (7. ) Napoleon is now the most important animal on the farm, and even re-writes history to make himself seem even better. Napoleon was not the only one to re-write history though, although, he was the one that demanded the others to make false confessions just so they could be killed. â€Å"And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses l ying before Napoleon’s feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the time of Jones,†Ã‚  (7. 6). Napoleon wanted to prove his power to the other animals and he would stop at nothing to do so. One could say that Napoleon became worse than Mr. Jones, the original farm owner, ever was. A plan that started out to make the farm a communist place turns out to be ruled by a dictator, again. George Orwell used the book Animal Farm to write about how Karl Marx’s idea of communism and how easily it can fail because one loses focus of the original idea.

Differences Between Personnel Management And Hr Management Commerce Essay

In this chapter of the thesis, I will discourse the chief maps of an HR director, Personnel Management, differences between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management like joy analysis, forces planning and recruiting, employee testing and choice every bit good as preparation and development.2.1 Challenges of Personnel ManagementDay to twenty-four hours challenges are faced by Personnel Management. Personnel Management have to cover with a work force that includes struggle between the staff members or sometimes with the direction. Analyzing the statistics of the concern which includes day-to-day analysis of the employees like the absence of employee, predictable market forces that impact on concern results. Changes in engineering, is one of the chief challenges that is included on the top challenges of Personnel Management. Business are trade with limitations which is caused by budget restraints, non holding accomplishments within the work force Personnel direction are responsible for happening out the solution and get the better of this state of affairs. Practical jobs like failure of equipment and machinery can besides take to this job. The direction should maintain be cautious that no employee is idle.2.2 Differences between Personnel Management and HR ManagementThe chief difference between forces direction and human resource direction is: forces direction is the traditional attack and human resource direction is the modern attack towards pull offing employees in an endeavor. We compare personnel direction and human resource direction, forces direction is a preponderantly administrative record-keeping map that establishes and manage just footings and conditions of employment contract, whereas human resource direction integrates the traditional forces direction maps to corporate ends and schemes, and performs extra people centered organisational developmental activities. Significant difference exists between forces direction and human resource direction in footings of range, attack, and application.2.2.1 Differences in ScopeThe range of forces direction includes activities like work force planning, enlisting, occupation rating, occupation analysis, developing disposal, and related undertakings. Human resources direction includes all the above activities and organisational developmental activities like leading, motive, developing organisational civilization, communicating of shared values. The human resource direction attack remains integrated to the company ‘s nucleus scheme, and seek to optimise this usage of human resource for the accomplishing organisational ends. This strategic and doctrine context of human resource direction makes it more purposeful, relevant, and more effectual compared to the forces direction attack.Difference in ApproachPersonnel direction attack tends to attach much importance to norms, imposts and established patterns, where theA HR approachA gives importance to values and mission. Personnel direction attack besides concerns itself with set uping regulations, policies, processs, and contracts, and strives to supervise and implement conformity to such ordinances, with careful word picture of written contract. The human resource direction attack remains impatient with regulations and ordinances, and attempts to loosen up them based on concern demands and exigencies, and purpose to travel by the spirit of the contract instead than the missive of the contract. An illustration of this difference in attack prevarications in the intervention of employee motive. The personnel direction attack holds employee satisfaction as the key to maintaining employees motivated, and institute compensation, fillips, wagess, and work simplification enterprises as possible incentives. The human resource doctrine hold improved public presentation as the driver of employee satisfaction, and invent schemes such as work challenges, squad work, and creativeness to better motive.Difference in NatureAnother dimension of the difference is attack between human resources and forces direction is the nature of human resource direction compared to the nature of forces direction. Personnel direction remains distant from nucleus organisational activities, maps independently, and takes a reactive attack to alterations in corporate ends or scheme. Human resource direction remains incorporate with corporate scheme and takes a proactive attack to aline the work force toward achievement ofA ends. Example, the forces direction attacks concerns itself with public presentation assessment procedure, human resource direction attack has a more comprehensive public presentation direction system that aims to rectify public presentation instead than do a study card of past public presentation.Difference in ApplicationPersonnel direction is an independent staff map in the organisation, with the actions from directors, and no linkage to the organisations core procedure. Human resource direction remains integrated with the organisations core scheme and maps. Though a distinguishable human resource section carries out much of the human resource direction undertakings, human res ource enterprises involve the direction and runing staff strongly. Personnel direction besides strives to accommodate the aspirations and positions of the work force with direction involvement by institutional agencies such as corporate bargaining, trade brotherhood based dialogues and the similar. This leads to arrested development of work conditions applicable for all, and non needfully aligned to overall corporate ends. Human Resource Management gives covering with each employee independently and provides more importance to client developmental activities and easing single employees ( non dickering or negociating with trade brotherhoods ) . Finally, in our treatment of forces direction and human resource direction, we find that forces direction lays down stiff occupation description with many classs and a fixed publicity policy – normally based on senior status and public presentation assessment evaluations. Human resource direction on the other manus has comparatively fewer classs and ranks, with loosely defined occupation duties supplying much range for using creativeness and enterprise, and plentifulness of calling waies, with accomplishments, endowment and committedness the cardinal drivers of calling promotion.2.3 Use of occupation analysis information[ 1 ]This includes several HR direction activities: Recruitment and choice: It has information on human features required to execute activities every bit good as what the occupation intends. This is described by occupation specifications and descriptions and it besides helps the direction to make up one's mind what sort of people they should engage. Compensation: The HR director usage occupation analysis information in order to make up one's mind appropriate compensation ( such as salary and other inducements ) . Compensation of an employee is depend on occupations required accomplishments and instruction degree, the grade of duty every bit good as on other factors which can be assist through occupation analysis. By and large, the employee classs their occupation into categories ( like secretary in grade III ) .Job analysis besides contains information on the comparative worth of each occupation. Performance assessment: This is a procedure through which existent public presentation is compared in relation with his public presentation criterions. With the aid of occupation analysis, directors determine public presentation criterions every bit good as occupation specific activities. Training: The preparation demands of a occupation are by and large mentioned in the occupation description. Detecting unassigned responsibilities: With the aid of occupation analysis, the directors can apportion even assigned responsibilities. For illustration, the company ‘s production director may be responsible for a twelve of responsibilities like production programming, natural stuff buying. Missing, nevertheless, is any mention to pull offing natural stuff stock lists. After diging deeper, one learns that other fabrication people are non responsible for stock list direction. So, the directors teach whom to delegate all those exposed unassigned responsibilities. EEO complains: EEO complains should be considered by HR directors as reflect to the US federal bureaus uniform guidelines on employee choice. For illustration, employers must be able to turn out that the choice standards and occupation public presentation are really related.